In the XXI century, the humanity continues to actively transform the world, technological progress puts rationalism in the first place as a worldview. Of course, the balance between rationalism and irrationalism in one time dimension and cultural space is difficult to achieve, each of these types periodically prevails and therefore has a specific impact on culture. At the same time, periods of changing cognitive and value orientations may be accompanied by crisis phenomena of a moral and ethical nature. The article attempts to compare and analyze the worldview positions of two thinkers: the German philosopher I. Kant and the Russian scientist B. V. Rauschenbach. The similarity and difference are considered in several aspects: the ratio of rational and irrational in cognition, the source of the formation of morality, and the role of religion in the formation of the worldview. The novelty of the work consists in the discovery of close theoretical positions between Kant and Rauschenbach on the relationship between cognition and morality. Basing on the review of philosophical texts, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that in the conditions of scientific and technological progress and globalization, a balanced approach to the development of different types of thinking will allow a person to better adapt to changes in society and reflect upon them.